The need to utilize fuel savers is something that everyone recognizes, but a major hindrance to their implementation is that fuel injections were simply not meant to produce proper combustion. Installing an HHO generator can help remedy this situation. Basically, what an HHO generator does is to fine tune the oxygen sensor, a mechanism of fuel injection engines that track the air intake of the engine. The HHO kit helps manage the air/fuel ratio more effectively, which can be a real fuel economy booster. The water and oxygen in the engine system works by mixing and interacting with each other; in turn these elements will fuse with the gasoline. What the generator will do is to make the oxygen and water fuse more effectively. This will result in the gas burning and being released from the cylinder. The net effect of this is less stress on the catalytic converter. However the electronics of most systems have difficulty in dealing with HHO generators. The reason is that the computer systems of fuel engine systems of most vehicles deal with the information from the oxygen sensors directly; they cannot process information from external sources like the HHO generator kit. To aid the electronics in coping with the increased oxygen level, the EFIE (electron fuel injection enhancer) was developed. What the EFIE does is to insert an offset function into the engine system so that the computer electronics will not hinder or interfere with the additional oxygen intake. To understand how the EFIE works it is necessary to be aware of how the oxygen sensor functions. It produces a voltage (the value being between 0 and 1 volt) that determines the oxygen content. For instance, if the oxygen sensor sends to the computer 450 milivolts (. 45 volts), it denotes the proper fusion or air and fuel. The higher the milivolt, the more gas there is, and the lower the number, the leaner the mixture. It is here that electron fuel injector enhancers come in. It installs an additional voltage which enables you to manage this added voltage efficiently. This will allow the HHO generator to function without being interrupted by the internal computer system. When using the EFIE mechanism it should be pointed out that only the front O2 sensors at the catalytic converter need the device; the other sensors are there simply to make certain that the ones in front are functioning properly. The same with the oxygen sensors; only the upstream sensors require the EFIE. EFIE (electron fuel injection enhancers) and HHO kits are the best devices that can help maximize and boost mileage for fuel injected vehicles. There are several websites that provide instructions on how to construct an EFIE, but for those without time, there are also plenty of stores and shops that sell both these kits. You should bear in mind cars and vehicles each have unique sensors. However, when you purchase an EFIE kit, the vendor will be able to select the right one for you as long as you provide the proper information.

Data, or information stored on your computer, can either be held on fixed disk drives inside the computer or on removable media such as CD’s that can be inserted and removed. Removable media can be used to transfer files between computers or to backup the data already existing on fixed disk drives. There are three types of removable media: Magnetic, Optical and Flash.

Magnetic Storage

Magnetic Storage: Hard disks, floppy disks and digital audiotape are examples of Magnetic storage. They operate through a read/write head, which creates and reads magnetic impressions on the disk.

The downside. . .

? The magnetic impression only lasts for around five years
? The capacity of most removable magnetic disks is too low for many types of files

Optical storage

Optical Storage holds information in digital form that is written and read by a laser. All CD and DVD devices are examples of this.

The upside. . .

? Increased capacity: one Optical disc can store the same amount of data as over 500 diskettes
? Durability: they last up to seven times as long as Magnetic forms of storage

Flash Memory (Solid-State Removable Storage)

Solid-state memory (or Flash memory) is a high-performance plug-and-play storage device that contains no moving parts. It is found in digital cameras, video game consoles and digital audio players. You can use it in the form of USB Flash Drives to transfer or backup data. Flash memory is small, light and fast.

Backup

Backup is the copying of files onto portable media so that if your computer crashes, data won’t be lost in oblivion. Backup is usually routine in large businesses but is often neglected by individual users. Some suggest backing up data files and duplicating your hard drive weekly. It takes around 45 minutes to backup a 500-megabyte hard disk.

There are two options- Local or Internet backup. The following is a list of Local backup options. Most of these also double as devices used to transfer data between computers.
? Diskettes
? Zip Drives
? CD’s
? DVD’s
? Flash Drive

Internet Backup

Another backup option is sending your files to an Internet site for safekeeping. If your computer crashes you can simply download them from the site. Here are a few examples of such sites:

Backup Defender- www. backupdefender. co. nz
My Backup- www. mybackup. co. nz

N. B. The author does not recommend or endorse any of the above service providers.

Diskettes and Zip Drives

Diskette

A Diskette is a 3. 5-inch removable magnetic disk. The older version, the floppy disk, is 5. 25 inches square and flexible. Copying to a diskette is quick and economical.

Ideal for. . .

? Those who use their PC for personal finance – the diskette enables you to retrieve checkbook balances etc.
? Projects that need to be continuously backed up such as a film script, as it is a cheap alternative.

Not so good for. . .

? Some newer computer and laptop models that do not have a diskette or floppy drive installed.
? Large amounts of data as diskettes don’t have a great storage capacity

Zip Drives

A Zip drive is a small, square shaped magnetic disk that is ideal for backing up your PC. The 100-megabyte size holds the equivalent of 70 floppy diskettes. They also come in a 250-megabyte size

Ideal for. . .

? Duplicating your entire disc drive
? Archiving
? Storing graphic images or other large files
? Transferring large files
? Keeping certain data separate from files on your hard disk

The downside. . .

? They seem to be a fleeting technology – most computers do not have a Zip Disc drive installed and opinion varies on how long they will be around for.

Compact Disks

There are different standards of CD’s that have different capabilities. Just to confuse us they are recognized by seemingly similar acronyms; CD-R, CD-RW, CD+RW, DDCD and E-CD.

CD-R

CD-R (Compact Disc – Recordable) is a CD that can be recorded to only once. It usually holds 74 minutes of audio or 650 MB of data, although newer versions hold up to 80 minutes of audio (700 MB of data). If your PC has CD burning software and a compatible CD-R or CD-RW drive, the CD-R can be used in the same way as a diskette. However unlike a diskette it cannot be deleted or overwritten. Look out for CD-Rs that have an additional protective layer which make them less susceptible to damage caused through scratching.
Ideal for. . .

? Making music CD’s
? Storing photos
? Storing permanent data

Not so good for. . .

? Transferring files as they can only be used once

CD-RW/CD+RW

A CD-RW (Compact Disc Rewritable) and CD+RW can be recorded onto as many times as desired. Data can be overwritten and erased. Other than this, the CD-RW is identical to the CD-R. If it wasn’t for their finite durability CD-RW’s and CD+RW’s could be reused endlessly.

Ideal for. . .

? Transferring files
? Holding temporary data

Not so good for. . .

? Holding important permanent files-in case they are accidentally deleted

Double Density CD (DDCD)
This disc has a much greater storage capacity than an average CD-R or CD-RW.

Ideal for. . .
? Backing up
? Storing archival data

Enhanced CD
Enhanced CD (E-CD) is an audio CD with CD-ROM data added. CD-ROM data is added in the space not taken by audio. Recording artists can use this to include videos, lyrics, interviews or promo material. The E-CD can be played on a CD player but to view additional material you need access to a multimedia-capable device, such as a CD-i player, DVD-ROM, or CD-ROM drive.

Bridge Disks
A CD-Bridge disc holds extra information on a CD-ROM XA track. The disc can be played on either a CD-i player attached to a television, or a CD-ROM XA drive attached to a computer. Software such as Photo or a Karaoke CD player can provide lots of fun with the Bridge Disk.

DVD (Digital Versatile Disk): More than movies

Although DVD’s have become more associated with video, they can also hold audio and computer data; hence their name Digital Versatile Disk. Like the CD, a DVD is a 120-mm by 1. 2mm thick disk. However the DVD has more tracks than a CD so holds far more data. CD’s have an unvarying storage capacity of 750MB, whereas DVD’s store up to 17GB.

A range of acronyms is also used to distinguish between the different types and capabilities of DVD’s available. These include DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD+RW and DVD-Audio.
DVD-ROM

DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disc – Read Only Memory) is similar to a movie DVD, but is designed for computers. The DVD-ROM stores data in the same way that the CD-ROM does and is used in the DVD-ROM drive of your PC.

The upside. . .

? Larger storage space – hold more data than a CD
? Can be filled with nearly everything; video, music or computer specific data
? A base speed of 1. 32 megabytes/sec

The downside. . .

? Many older computers do not have a DVD-Rom drive installed
? Can be recorded on only once

DVD-Audio

DVD-Audio (DVD-A) is designed for audio data and high-quality music. Its storage capacity is seven times that of a CD and provides at least twice the sound quality. Like the Enhanced CD, DVD-A can contain other data, providing the listener with extra information such as lyrics or images. DVD-A is predicted by many to replace the standard audio CD in the music industry.

DVD-R

Like the CD-R, the DVD-R (Digital Versatile Disc-Recordable) can be recorded on once.

The upside. . .

? A DVD-R can contain an assortment of information; video, text, audio and computer data

? A DVD-R can be played on your normal DVD video player but remember, if you have additional data not of the same format e. g. video and audio together, you will need a DVD-ROM or Multimedia player of some kind

? A DVD-R is read at the same speed as commercially made DVD’s

DVD-RW and DVD+RW
Similar to the CD-RW, a DVD-RW or DVD+RW (Digital Versatile Disc – Rewritable) can be recorded on, rewritten and erased multiple times. Other than this they are identical to the DVD-R.
DVD minus and plus are just different versions with the same functionality.

The Future of CD/DVD Storage

The majority of the technology industry predicts that soon DVD’s, with their larger storage capacity and faster access time, will replace CD’s. DVD-ROM drives are likely to be sold with new computer systems in the way that CD-ROM drives once were. However we are always on the cusp of newer technologies, such as the HD-ROM.

HD-ROM (High Density-Read Only Memory)

HD-ROM uses a more precise particle beam to write data. This enables information to be written on more durable materials such as metal so storage is virtually permanent. HD-ROM has hundreds of times the storage capacity of the CD-ROM.

Flash Drives

A Flash drive is a small portable memory stick that holds anywhere from 1Mb to 1GB of data. It is surprisingly lightweight and is often worn around the neck or carried as a funky key chain. They are compatible with any PC that has USB port and with Mac OS 9 and OS X, Windows 2000 and XP or Linux 2. 4. 17.

The upside. . .

? Durable – more so than CD’s or DVD’s
? No need for batteries or a separate power source
? Convenient – your computer should recognize the additional drive as soon as you insert it into the USB port
? Ideal for backup
? Larger storage capacity then many other portable devices
? More portable than ZIP drives, CD’s and Diskettes
? Quick transfer rate (approx. 1Mb/sec)
? Edit, rewrite, delete as many times as desired
? Help desk personnel can use Flash Drives as a portable toolkit that includes system updates and recovery tools.

The downside. . .

? More expensive than other portable devices
? Viruses – The portability and compatibility of the Flash Drive increases the chance of spreading viruses. In many cases viruses carried by a Flash Drive will not be detected as most antivirus software is reactive and only recognizes known viruses
? Theft – a Flash Drive can make it easier for data to be stolen from an unlocked PC
? Little Security – the size and weight of the Flash drive makes it very easy to misplace. Most have little or no security features and data is accessed easily. Some Flash Drives do have built in security; either a password or in some cases a finger print system – but this comes at a price.

Ever since the internet has begun to expand, threats have multiplied also. From viruses to spyware and spybots, no one is safe from these infectious programs. Protection software has been created to keep the average user safe from any intruders that may want to collect personal information.

Since the ever increasing problem of spyware and adware software has been implemented so that everyone can enjoy their safety and privacy. Removal kits have top ratings in being downloaded form the internet and people don?t seen to hesitate in using them. Even if there are a couple of them that are not that useful, users still install them in hopes of keeping away potential intruders.

Never in the history of the internet people have been so afraid of spyware and adware. It is lately that these malicious programs started to infect as many computers as they could. Through pop ups and misleading links, users have been tricked into downloading damaging software.

Quick Note: Taking the Nonsense out of looking for the right spyware remover

If you really want to take the work out of looking for that right Spyware Protection from a Spybot go to the Internet and get a Free Spybot Download or a Spybot Search and Destroy

to prevent your vital information from being ripped from your computer.

Never the less, there is a solution. Spyware and adware removal software can be used to keep away any intruders that want to collect personal data from you. My recommendation to you is that you must install as many protection programs as you can. This way, you will have many layers of protection and in case one of them is compromised, there will be another to carry out the job keeping away bad guys. You don?t even have to pay anything for these programs. All you have to do is download them for free, afterwards you can install them. It?s that simple.

CPU? RAM? Do you think they are just letters of the alphabet or something to do with computers? If you guessed they have something to do with a computer, you are correct. Not understanding what these basic computer terms can prevent you from making educated decisions on choosing a notebook or computer. Before you even think about shopping for a notebook or computer, you should understand the basic terms and lingo.

What Is CPU?

A CPU stands for central processing unit, which acts as the brain of the computer. It is important when you look at computers that you purchase one with a name brand CPU with high speed. When you look at CPU brands, you want one with a well known reputation that has been in the market for quite sometime. As for the speed of the CPU, CPU speed is measured in GHz. The higher the GHz the faster your computer will run.

What Is RAM?

RAM is the acronym for random access memory, which keeps computers running fast. The more RAM you have the faster your computer will run. RAM only works and functions when your computer is on because it stores temporary files and runs your programs, operating system, etc. In other words, RAM is similar to a person?s short term memory because it remembers every task you perform until it is turned off. If RAM did not clear itself when you turned off the computer, it will store so much useless data that it will eventually overload and crash. This is why is it important to shut down your computer occasionally since you will clear the RAM. Thus, your computer will run faster.

What Is Hard Drive?

A Hard Drive stores data, which allows you to access important files. The hard drive is the computer?s long term memory. Unlike the RAM, which stores unimportant temporary files, a hard drive stores files that matter to you. Every time you save a word document, pictures, movies, etc, they are stored on your hard drive. The amount of storage the hard drive has is measured in GB, which means the higher the GBs the more information you can store.

Now, you know the basics of computer jargon. You can shop easily for your notebook or computer. The best way of getting computers and notebooks for less is by saving money with free computer coupons, computer discount coupons, computer deals, computer rebates, and computer coupon codes by visiting this link below. http://www. onlinestorecoupon. com/ShopbyCategory/computercoupons. htm

You can browse through the most popular brand of computers and save money with the latest online computer deals. Since you know the basics, you can easily pick out which computer will fit your needs.

If you?re looking for a free way to remove spyware from your computer, I would recommend a search on ?free Spybot Search and Destroy download?. The first link that appears, is the one that you can use. Just click it and you?ve already done most of the hard work. All you have to do is install the application and you can kiss you spyware good bye.

The Spybot Search and Destroy tool, proved to be a commonly used software on the market and what makes it so appealing is the fact that is free. No money is spent to ensure you privacy, a good deal in protecting you data. If spybot infestation is a big concern to you, this removal kit is just the thing you need. Nowadays there are numerous free spybot downloads and they all have the same agenda, to keep away unwanted visitors. Your computer couldn?t be safer after installing spybot detection or even a pretty decent firewall.

Quick Note: Taking the Nonsense out of looking for the right spyware remover

If you really want to take the work out of looking for that right Spyware Protection from a Spybot go to the Internet and get a Free Spybot Download or a Free Spybot Search and Destroy

Download, In order to prevent your vital information from being ripped from your computer get your Spybot Remover Today.

On the internet, you see various ads and pop ups that direct you sites from where you can get you free spyware removal software. My recommendation to you is this, never click on pop ups even if they tell you they?re redirecting to spybot removal tools because the purpose of pop ups is to miss lead you. You might think you?re getting one thing but on the other hand you get stuck with a ?friendly? spyware from witch you wanted to get rid of in the first place. Don?t hesitate to do a search on browser for spybot download.

You must take the required steps to safeguard the information stored on your computer, before you begin with procedures to fix your slow computer,. Pay attention to this word of advice! It is imperative that you make sure your data will be secure. Some of the procedures used to fix a slow computer may cause existing but as yet concealed problems to show up, which may either keep Windows from starting or even prevent your computer from starting. The initial steps involve backing up your data files, but even prior to that, you have to get your files ready. Make sure all your crucial data files are stored in one, easy-to-find location. Windows XP generates a personal profile for every user account, which consists of a set of subfolders in the Documents and Settings folder. Your profile holds your personal files, usually your photos, music and videos. Your Outlook Express e-mail messages, Internet Explorer Favorites and cookies, and information about your settings and preferences are also stored in the My Documents folder. Move all data files stored elsewhere into the My Documents folder to make backing up easier. You could for instance move it to the “D” drive, where your other data files are stored. This is if either you have two hard dives or the one you have is partitioned. After you have done your first backup, additional backing up and setting up a backup schedule is quick and easy and will take as little as ten minutes a week. Besides, you will be able to let Windows do nearly all the work. Windows includes Backup, which does the backups adequately, although you may need to install it if you are using XP Home edition. If you use Windows XP Professional, the Windows Backup utility (Ntbackup. exe) should be ready for use. If you use Windows XP Home Edition, you will need to install the utility. Insert your Windows XP CD into the drive and, if necessary, double-click the CD icon in My Computer. � On the Welcome to Microsoft Windows XP screen, click: Perform Additional Tasks. Click Browse this CD. In Windows Explorer, double-click the Value Add folder, then Msft, and then Ntbackup. Double-click Ntbackup. msi to install the Backup utility. To start Backup:Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and then click Backup to start the wizard. Click Next to skip past the opening page, choose Back up files and settings from the second page, and then click Next. Decide What to Back Up Don’t check the All information on this computer to back up all the data on your computer. Think again prior to deciding on this option. If you’ve installed heaps of software, your backup could add up to several gigabytes. For most people, the My documents and settings option embodies a better alternative. This option preserves your data files (including e-mail messages and address books) and the personal settings stored in the Windows Registry. If several people use your computer?as might be the case on a shared family PC?select Everyone’s documents and settings. This option backs up personal files and preferences for every user with an account on the computer. If you know that you have data files stored outside your profile, click Let me choose what to back up. Select the My Documents check box to back up all the files in your personal profile, and then browse My Computer to select the additional files you need to back up. If some of your files are on a shared network drive, open the My Network Places folder and select those folders. This option also comes in handy if you have some files you don’t need to back up. Decide Where to Store Your Backup Files:On the Backup Type, Destination, and Name page, Windows asks you to specify a backup location. Your computer’s hard disk. The easiest but not ideal backup location is a separate partition from the one you’re backing up. If your hard disk is partitioned into drive C and drive D and your data is on drive C, you can safely back up to drive D. However, if this hard drive runs into a problem you may have difficulty in restoring the backups. Unfortunately, the Windows Backup utility can’t save files directly to a CD-RW or DVD-RW drive. You can backup to the following;- A Flash memory stick or other removable media. This is an option if you don’t have multiple gigabytes to back up. – A shared network drive. You’re limited only by the amount of free space on the network shared drive. – An external hard disk drive. External hard drives have dropped in price lately. Consider getting an 80 GB or larger drive and dedicating it for use as a backup device. – You may be able to find a website to which they will let you backup for a nominal fee. After you’ve chosen a backup location, enter a descriptive name for the file, click Next to display the wizard’s final page. You always have the option of copying important files to removable media. With CD-RW and DVD-RW drives, that’s an attractive option. In fact, just about any type of backup is better than doing nothing and hoping that your data will magically take care of itself. We make use of this system a lot because we can then delete older data files on the hard drive, which take up a lot of space. It also comes in handy if you need a certain file again for, say, a reprint. Setting up a Backup Schedule:You can repeat the backup steps once each week and perform regular backups, but it may be better to set up an automatic backup schedule for Windows. When you get to the final page of the Backup Wizard, don’t click Finish. Click the Advanced button, and click Next to open the When to Back Up page. Choose Later, and then click Set Schedule to open the Schedule Job dialog box. You can set almost any schedule you want by looking at the options available in this dialog box. After you click OK to save your changes, Windows runs the backup automatically. Don?t forget to leave your computer on. You can back up 5 GB of data in about 10 minutes. In addition, you don’t need to worry about shutting down running programs, either, thanks to a feature called volume shadow copy, the Backup utility can safely create a copy of any file, even if it’s currently in use. Now that you have done the backup of your files, you can start with the process fixing your slow computer. To really speed up your slow computer you need to:- Remove unused applications. – Clean your browser?s history, temp data and your Favorite or Bookmark list. – Optimize the Windows Registry- Scan for and remove threats like viruses, malware etc. – Make the boot process considerably faster. – Kill all those superfluous startup applications. – Free your PC?s memory whenever possible. – Schedule your cleanup programs to run automatically. – Place all your data files together in one easy to use location. – Defrag and organize your disks so that your most used files are in the fast lane. – Optimize, tune and tweak your PC for optimal speed and stability. I have researched and tested several products over a period of several months and in order for me to get our slow PC?s performance up to speed again, I made use of not less than 17 different products, each of which is designed to do a certain task on the computer. Eventually we ended up using 11 of these apps (all freeware) on a regular basis, which keeps our PC?s performing clean and error free. In forthcoming articles, I?ll explain to you step by step, how to get rid of unnecessary startup programs, how to clear out forgotten programs, unused, unnecessary and junk files and how to clean and streamline the Windows registry. If your PC is already too slow for it?s own good and you are already losing profits and valuable time you could?ve spent with your family, I suggest you have a look at Fix Your Slow Computer at http://slowcomputerfix. tmmarketing. co. za which addresses all the issues mentioned above and is a detailed, step by step tutorial, on which I spent months of research and testing, for improving your PC?s performance and thereby saving you valuable time and money.

The registry is a database that plays an integral part in enhancing the performance of a computer. It contains information regarding the hardware and software preferences stored on the computer. The window registry gets congested with every addition in the software and hardware of the computer. Every quality registry program comes with the option to save the registry files as a back up so that if there is any error in the registry scan, you can change back to previous settings. You can maintain a healthy size of your windows registry with the aid of a registry repair program. If you search on net, you can find hundreds of registry cleaners both free as and paid. Regcure is a proven solution to the errors related to the windows registry. This cleaner has the potential to remove all the errors from the window registry and maximize its performance. The best time to get a registry cleaning program is when you do not experience the registry errors as if you wait for the last moment to make up your mind, it might get late and cause serious side effects to your computer. What sets Regcure apart from the rest of the registry cleaners is it’s easy of use which enables both the professionals and layman to extract the maximum benefit out of it. This utensil is a revolutionary cleaning program that comes loaded with all the basic features that should be present in a comprehensive registry cleaning program. This repair kit is manufactured by “Proctologic”. They are so confident about their product that they have offered a 60 days money back guarantee incase someone is not satisfied with the end results. They also offer a free trail of the Regcure registry cleaning software which makes it an obvious choice for the quality conscious people who always wants the best for their computers.

Today, we live in an expanding digital world. On any given day, many people use a myriad of digital equipment to process, store and send data. Digital tools that are commonly used may include, without limitation:
Desk top computers
Laptop computers
personal digital assistants (PDA) which act as electronic organizers or day planners that are portable, easy to use and capable of sharing information with your PC.
Cell Phones;
TIVO (which can be modified to store data);
Digital Cameras.
These devices offer a rich source of information which often overlooked in divorce proceedings. Any of these digital databases may be forensically examined as part of the divorce discovery process. This may involve making a mirrored copy of hard drives, examining stored data or recovering deleted information.
Clearly, such a forensic analysis can be an indispensable tool in high conflict divorce cases where there is a suspicion of wealth transfers or to locate proof of infidelity or other fault based conduct. Information obtainable may include:
(1) e-mail messages;
(2) instant messages;
(3) user names; passwords;
(4) names and addresses of financial institutions;
(5) asset transfers;
(6)fund transfers;
(7) debt information;
(8) account activity;
(9) monitoring activity including creating chronological timelines for computer program use;
(10) recovering deleted, encrypted, or damaged file information.
It is important to remember that deleted information is never truly deleted. Even formatting the hard drive of a computer does not erase stored date and, instead, simply erases the links that point to where the data can be located. In fact, computer experts claim that if an amateur tried to burn their computer in a fireplace, there is a very good chance the data could still be recovered. What is even more compelling is that, in many instances, the most important evidence is proof that there was an attempt to destroy data. Some things that may be discovered in a forensic examination include:
(1) Saved Files – These are data files that exist in a form that can be readily used. They can often be located in named and organized directories. However, a good investigator will look further for files that are hidden in strange directories or even marked to be hidden from the operating system. Often, computer users attempt to hide files by adding suffixes to the file name like . exe in order to avoid detection.
(2) Deleted Files – When a file is deleted from a computer, it is not altered. The operating system is just told to ignore that it exists. Unless the operating system writes new data over the old, it may be recovered.
(3) Temporary Files – Operating systems and programs temporarily store a copy of working data in various places. Sometimes it is in the same location as the original. More frequently it is in a specially designated folder specifically for temporary files.
(4) Metadata – This is a term that refers to corollary information that is stored along with data. It includes such things as the date the file was created, modified and last accessed. It can tell us the original owner as well as everyone who has ever used it. Sometimes it contains previous versions of the document.
(5) Disk Slack – When data is stored, it accidentally captures data from previous documents. With the certain forensic software, this datas can be searched and the old data resurrected.
The consequences of discovering undisclosed assets or other relevant information in divorce can be profound. The party that fails to disclose the asset during the divorce process may be required to pay attorney’s fees, turn over the asset to the other party or to the court in a receivership proceeding in addition to calling into question that party’s credibility in the proceedings as a whole. Actively pursing this avenue of investigation may be the difference between losing out on significant assets or finding a treasure trove of financial information from local investments and real estate holdings even if they are held in the name of another person or sheltered as part of a holding company. In practice, forensic examinations have been effective in turning up financial institutions to explore for hidden accounts and discovering wealth transfers to overseas repositories.
The goal of computer forensics is to do a structured investigation and find out exactly what happened on a digital system, and who was responsible for it. Hiring a qualified expert is critical to such an investigation. Any manipulation of a digital device from an untrained person may effectively destroy the admissibility of any evidence found since such information in untrained hands may be manipulated and modified by mistake or design. A forensic expert, by contrast, must take great pains to preserve the data in its original form before even commencing an analysis. This means that forensic examiners must take steps to ensure the integrity of the information contained within those physical items while developing methods and techniques that provide valid and reliable results while protecting the real evidence?the information?from harm. In the context of a computer hard drive, this may mean making a mirrored hard drive so that the original condition of the hard drive is preserved for any subsequent investigation.
Forensic expert generally use three phases for recovering evidence from a computer system or storage medium. Those phases include:
(1) Acquiring the data;
(2) Analyzing the data; and
(3) Reporting the data.
(4) Digital device users, including computer users, always leave tracks. According to computer forensic experts, it is “just” a matter of finding these tracks.
It is important to recognize that computer evidence almost never exists in isolation. It is a product of the data stored, the application used to create and store it, and the computer system that directed these activities. Even the applications used to create data may serve a critical role.
For example, in one particular divorce proceeding, discovery was served to acquire financial records related to a family owned business. In response, the spouse that operated the business provided profit and loss statements and general ledgers for a four year period. the records seemed to minimize the corporate assets and income. As a result, a Motion was brought to perform a forensic analysis on the computer system where the records were purportedly stored. At trial, it was revealed that the computer that was analyzed had been used to modify the data. Specifically, a program designed to erase data was downloaded and used to remove items from the hard drive only shortly before the computer was turned over to the forensic examiner. Even more compelling, the forensic examiner was able to determine that the financial records that were provided by the spouse had been created by a program version that was not in use at the time the records were purportedly compiled. The end result was that the court imposed a sanction against the party providing the records including a presumption that the records had been modified and were inaccurate.
Conclusion
Valid and reliable methods to recover data from computers as part of discovery in divorce proceedings are becoming fundamental for divorce lawyers. this is particularly true in cases with larger estates, complicated business or real estate holdings or multi-jurisdictional assets. These methods must not be overlooked. However, in such cases, it is critical to hire an attorney and a computer forensic expert capable of finding necessary information and presenting it effectively in court.

For legal representation call 612. 240. 8005

Today, we live in an expanding digital world. On any given day, many people use a myriad of digital equipment to process, store and send data. Digital tools that are commonly used may include, without limitation:
Desk top computers
Laptop computers
personal digital assistants (PDA) which act as electronic organizers or day planners that are portable, easy to use and capable of sharing information with your PC.
Cell Phones;
TIVO (which can be modified to store data);
Digital Cameras.
These devices offer a rich source of information which often overlooked in divorce proceedings. Any of these digital databases may be forensically examined as part of the divorce discovery process. This may involve making a mirrored copy of hard drives, examining stored data or recovering deleted information.
Clearly, such a forensic analysis can be an indispensable tool in high conflict divorce cases where there is a suspicion of wealth transfers or to locate proof of infidelity or other fault based conduct. Information obtainable may include:
(1) e-mail messages;
(2) instant messages;
(3) user names; passwords;
(4) names and addresses of financial institutions;
(5) asset transfers;
(6)fund transfers;
(7) debt information;
(8) account activity;
(9) monitoring activity including creating chronological timelines for computer program use;
(10) recovering deleted, encrypted, or damaged file information.
It is important to remember that deleted information is never truly deleted. Even formatting the hard drive of a computer does not erase stored date and, instead, simply erases the links that point to where the data can be located. In fact, computer experts claim that if an amateur tried to burn their computer in a fireplace, there is a very good chance the data could still be recovered. What is even more compelling is that, in many instances, the most important evidence is proof that there was an attempt to destroy data. Some things that may be discovered in a forensic examination include:
(1) Saved Files – These are data files that exist in a form that can be readily used. They can often be located in named and organized directories. However, a good investigator will look further for files that are hidden in strange directories or even marked to be hidden from the operating system. Often, computer users attempt to hide files by adding suffixes to the file name like . exe in order to avoid detection.
(2) Deleted Files – When a file is deleted from a computer, it is not altered. The operating system is just told to ignore that it exists. Unless the operating system writes new data over the old, it may be recovered.
(3) Temporary Files – Operating systems and programs temporarily store a copy of working data in various places. Sometimes it is in the same location as the original. More frequently it is in a specially designated folder specifically for temporary files.
(4) Metadata – This is a term that refers to corollary information that is stored along with data. It includes such things as the date the file was created, modified and last accessed. It can tell us the original owner as well as everyone who has ever used it. Sometimes it contains previous versions of the document.
(5) Disk Slack – When data is stored, it accidentally captures data from previous documents. With the certain forensic software, this datas can be searched and the old data resurrected.
The consequences of discovering undisclosed assets or other relevant information in divorce can be profound. The party that fails to disclose the asset during the divorce process may be required to pay attorney’s fees, turn over the asset to the other party or to the court in a receivership proceeding in addition to calling into question that party’s credibility in the proceedings as a whole. Actively pursing this avenue of investigation may be the difference between losing out on significant assets or finding a treasure trove of financial information from local investments and real estate holdings even if they are held in the name of another person or sheltered as part of a holding company. In practice, forensic examinations have been effective in turning up financial institutions to explore for hidden accounts and discovering wealth transfers to overseas repositories.
The goal of computer forensics is to do a structured investigation and find out exactly what happened on a digital system, and who was responsible for it. Hiring a qualified expert is critical to such an investigation. Any manipulation of a digital device from an untrained person may effectively destroy the admissibility of any evidence found since such information in untrained hands may be manipulated and modified by mistake or design. A forensic expert, by contrast, must take great pains to preserve the data in its original form before even commencing an analysis. This means that forensic examiners must take steps to ensure the integrity of the information contained within those physical items while developing methods and techniques that provide valid and reliable results while protecting the real evidence?the information?from harm. In the context of a computer hard drive, this may mean making a mirrored hard drive so that the original condition of the hard drive is preserved for any subsequent investigation.
Forensic expert generally use three phases for recovering evidence from a computer system or storage medium. Those phases include:
(1) Acquiring the data;
(2) Analyzing the data; and
(3) Reporting the data.
(4) Digital device users, including computer users, always leave tracks. According to computer forensic experts, it is “just” a matter of finding these tracks.
It is important to recognize that computer evidence almost never exists in isolation. It is a product of the data stored, the application used to create and store it, and the computer system that directed these activities. Even the applications used to create data may serve a critical role.
For example, in one particular divorce proceeding, discovery was served to acquire financial records related to a family owned business. In response, the spouse that operated the business provided profit and loss statements and general ledgers for a four year period. the records seemed to minimize the corporate assets and income. As a result, a Motion was brought to perform a forensic analysis on the computer system where the records were purportedly stored. At trial, it was revealed that the computer that was analyzed had been used to modify the data. Specifically, a program designed to erase data was downloaded and used to remove items from the hard drive only shortly before the computer was turned over to the forensic examiner. Even more compelling, the forensic examiner was able to determine that the financial records that were provided by the spouse had been created by a program version that was not in use at the time the records were purportedly compiled. The end result was that the court imposed a sanction against the party providing the records including a presumption that the records had been modified and were inaccurate.
Conclusion
Valid and reliable methods to recover data from computers as part of discovery in divorce proceedings are becoming fundamental for divorce lawyers. this is particularly true in cases with larger estates, complicated business or real estate holdings or multi-jurisdictional assets. These methods must not be overlooked. However, in such cases, it is critical to hire an attorney and a computer forensic expert capable of finding necessary information and presenting it effectively in court.

For legal representation call 612. 240. 8005

Dear Computer Lady, I am a stay at home mom with a home party plan business. I do a lot of training through emails. My question and dilemma is this, when I receive an email I “move” it to a folder in my email account. Is there a way to save that folder and its contents to my computer and burn that info onto a cd or just have as a folder on my desktop? I refer to this information often and would like access to it quickly and readily. Thanks for your help and all your great emails, Jacqueline in Reno, NV Dear Jacqueline, Moving e-mail messages in and out of your e-mail program is more involved than it would seem. This is because each message is contained in one larger file that your e-mail program maintains. When you drag a message to your desktop, it does become a separate file, but you still need to have your e-mail program open to use the file, and putting that message back into your e-mail program is not as easy as getting it out. I have experimented with saving messages over the years and have done everything from saving each one as a text file, to creating extensive folders in my email program. Since you want to have the information readily available on your desktop, and you said that you have a lot of information, I would suggest that you use a program that would not only allow you to easily organize your information, but also includes a great search function for those times when you can’t remember where you saved that bit of information that you need. I use a great program called “Treepad Business Edition” for my information storage. I have one file that I store articles for this newsletter in, and another that I use for training information and answers to questions that my VeggieLight. com team members ask me. I also keep another file with information from online purchases so I can easily go back and find receipts from online purchases. Treepad Business Edition allows me to organize my information in a folder (or tree) structure similar to how you might organize folders in your e-mail program. The one difference between the two is that I have never lost a Treepad file because of corruption, while it is fairly common to lose your e-mail folder due to a corrupt or virus infected e-mail message. It is easy to create folders and subfolders in Treepad, and you can easily drag an article from one place to another in the program. When I know I have information in the program, but can’t remember where I put it, Treepad has a great search function that helps me find exactly what I am looking for. Give this program a try and let me know what you think. Download a free 30 day trial using the link below. www. asktcl. com/Files/tpbiz735. EXE Elizabeth